IntroductionThe growing emphasis on sustainable development has highlighted the critical need to reduce resource consumption across various sectors, and the Building industry is no exception. With Buildings significantly contributing to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, strategies that enhance energy efficiency are paramount. One vital aspect of sustainability in the built environment focuses on reducing energy consumption while simultaneously improving the thermal performance of Buildings. Among the innovations in this domain, static heating techniques have emerged as effective solutions that leverage renewable energy sources, particularly solar thermal energy.Static heating systems are ingenious in their design as they integrate seamlessly into Building envelopes, offering an innovative means to utilize solar energy. These systems typically employ elements such as thermal mass or specially designed panels on Building facades, exploiting the sun's energy for heating purposes. The primary advantage of incorporating such static elements is their ability to resonate with the energy dynamics of the natural environment, thereby improving overall energy efficiency and optimizing indoor thermal comfort.Research MethodologyIn pursuit of the goals set forth by sustainable development, this paper seeks to measure the efficiency and thermal performance of Buildings utilizing two specific solar-based systems: greenhouse systems and solar window installations during the cold season. Office Buildings, in particular, have gained attention due to their relatively high energy consumption patterns compared to other Building types. As workplaces that are often occupied throughout the day, they demand significant energy for heating, cooling, and lighting. Consequently, even minor improvements in energy efficiency within office Buildings can lead to substantial reductions in energy consumption and associated costs. One specific case study was conducted on the Municipality Building of District 12 of Isfahan, selected for its representative nature among urban office Buildings. This Building provided an ideal context to examine the impact of static heating solutions under varying scenarios. The two systems studied—greenhouse systems and solar windows—were modeled and simulated using the Afraz Design Builder software, which enables detailed energy consumption predictions based on specific Building configurations and local climate conditions.Result and DiscussionTo effectively assess the performance of each system, a comprehensive simulation of the Building's energy consumption patterns was carried out, taking into account factors such as orientation, thermal insulation, window-to-wall ratio, and local weather conditions. The aim was to quantify the required heating load during the cold season for each static heating scenario compared to the baseline state of the Building, which represented the conventional design without any enhancements aimed at energy efficiency. The findings from this research have provided valuable insights into the effectiveness of each heating strategy. The first system investigated, the solar window, utilizes advanced glazing technology designed to enhance solar heat gain while minimizing heat loss. The results of the simulation revealed that the incorporation of a triple-glazed solar window dramatically improved thermal performance. Specifically, it was found that the solar window reduced annual heating energy demand by approximately 33.03% compared to the conventional Building setup. This significant reduction underscores the potential of modern window technologies to harness solar energy effectively, thereby reducing reliance on conventional heating methods. On the other hand, the second system, a 1-meter-deep greenhouse, also yielded promising results, albeit to a lesser extent. The greenhouse system functions by extending the thermal mass concept and creating an insulated buffer zone, which can store heat during the day and release it during colder nights. The simulation data indicated that this approach successfully reduced the Building's heating energy requirements by 17.39% when compared to the standard design. While this percentage is lower than that achieved with the solar window, it still exemplifies the significant contributions that such passive solar design strategies can make towards enhancing energy efficiency in Buildings.ConclusionIn summary, the analysis concluded that the integration of these static heating systems not only enhances thermal comfort within office settings but also significantly mitigates energy consumption, aligning with the broader objectives of sustainable development. The results clearly demonstrate that the application of a triple-glazed solar window can nearly double the energy savings when compared to a traditional greenhouse system. These findings suggest that prioritizing technologies that significantly boost solar gain and thermal management can lead to transformative improvements in Building energy performance.Moreover, the implications of these results extend beyond individual Buildings. When scaled to a larger context, widespread adoption of such sustainable technologies could lead to substantial reductions in energy demand at the urban level, thereby addressing broader challenges associated with climate change and resource depletion. The importance of implementing these strategies in urban planning and Building design cannot be overstated, as cities continue to grow and face mounting pressure to reduce their ecological footprints.Ultimately, the exploration of static heating techniques highlights a promising pathway towards achieving sustainable, energy-efficient Buildings. The research presented in this paper contributes to a growing body of knowledge that seeks to optimize Building design for energy performance, demonstrating that thoughtful integration of solar technologies can have profound benefits for both the environment and Building occupants. Continued innovation, research, and collaboration among architects, engineers, and policymakers are essential to further advance the implementation of sustainable practices in the construction industry.

The purpose of this research is to study the amount of energy consumed by the residential Building and attempts to optimize it. In this work, the heating and cooling load of a residential tower in a hot and dry climate in Tehran has been calculated by Carrier software. To optimize energy consumption, changes in the material and color of the exterior walls and the change of the window's type and also the examination of the presence of shades to reduce the heat transfer coefficient were made. Results indicate that the change in the type of window will reduce the thermal and cooling load significantly. By replacing the single-layer window with the double-layer reflex one, the thermal load required to provide comfort conditions in the Building in the winter is reduced by about 40%. The shading on the windows and also the change in the color of the external walls have each about 3 percentages reducing effect on the thermal and cooling load of the Building, that is of less importance in comparison with the effect of windows type. Also choosing optimized materials for external walls leads to about 9 % load reduction in the winter and 6% in the summer. Finally, by calculating optimization process cost and also the cost of consuming energy for the Building heating and cooling, the Break-even point and the return cost time regarding to the changes in the material of the window and the exterior wall were investigated. In the best situation the return cost time is about 3 years.

Considering the worldwide increasing rate of energy consumption and its environmental degradation effects, and considering the use of none-renewable energy sources such as the fossil fuels, consideration of energy management issues has become more important. Given the 40% share of the Building industry's total energy consumption, as well as the 80% share of energy consumed during the operation period, of the total energy consumption during the life cycle of the Building, attention to the areas of energy management and optimization during the operation period of the Buildings can have a major impact on energy efficiency. In this research, through identifying Building energy management tools and studying previous studies and assessing the effects of Building energy management systems, the economic and environmental impacts of using Building energy management systems on the annual energy consumption in an office Building in Tehran as a case study has been investigated. The results indicate a 32 percent reduction in the energy consumption and a significant reduction in the release of the environmental pollutants in smart mode compared to the baseline. Moreover, considering the social costs associated with the emitted pollutants as well as the return period, it has been attempted to identify the factors contributing to the economic justification of using smart heating and cooling systems. According to the results, the use of smart energy management systems can be considered as an effective step in optimizing and managing energy consumption in the construction sector.

A B S T R A C T Temperature is one of the climate elements that has fluctuated a lot over time. When these fluctuations increase and decrease more than normal and are placed in the upper and lower regions of the statistical distribution, if continued, it can lead to the creation of heating and cooling waves. The purpose of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in heating and cooling waves in Iran during a period of 50 years. For this purpose, the temperature of 663 synoptic stations from 1962 to 2004 was obtained from the Esfazari database. Then, in order to complete this database, the daily temperature from 2004 to 2011 was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country and added to the aforementioned database. In order to perform calculations and draw maps, Matlab, grads and Surfer software have been used. The results of this study showed that the index of cooling waves and heating waves, while having a direct effect on each other, had an increasing trend in most of the area of Iran. The statistical distribution of the index of cooling waves is more heterogeneous than that of the index of heating waves. So that the spatial variation coefficient for cold waves is 84.22%. Also, the index of cooling waves has more spatial variability. The highest common diffraction of the index of heating and cooling waves has been seen in the northwest, east and along the Zagros mountains. Analysis of the indexes trends show that heat waves have intensified in 65.8% of Iran and the intensity of cold waves has decreased in 48.5% of Iran Extended Abstract Introduction Temperature is one of the major climatic variables, which it has a direct impact on different aspects of human life. It plays an essential role in the growth of crops and is considered a key driver of the biological system(Reicosky et al, 1988). It is associated with several types of extremes, for example, heat and cold waves which caused human societies maximum damage. Past occurrences of heat waves hitherto had significant impacts on several aspects of society. Have increased Mortality and morbidity. Ecosystems can be affected, as well as increased pressure on infrastructures that support society, such as water, transportation, and energy(Dewce, 2016). The long-term change of extreme temperatures has a key role in climatic change. The form of statistical distribution and the variability of mean values and also extreme event indicate a change in the region. It can be a small relative change in the mean as a result of a large change in the probability of extreme occurrence. Also, the variation in temperature data variance is significantly more important than the mean, for assessing the extreme occurrence of climate(Toreti and Desiato, 2008). The average surface temperature has increased the world between 0.56 and 0.92 ° C over the past 100 years(IPCC, 2007). Meanwhile, it was in the Middle East, the average daily temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 ° C in decades(Kostopoulou et al, 2014; Tanarhte et al, 2012). Considering that not many studies have been done in the field of spatio-temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves thresholds in Iran, in this study, the spatio-temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves thresholds in Iran during 50 years were examined and analyzed.   Methodology The daily temperature from the beginning of the year 21/03/1967 to 19/05/2005 was obtained from the Esfazari database prepared by Dr. Masoudian at the University of Isfahan. In order to increase the time resolution of the mentioned database, the daily temperature of observations from 05/21/2005 to 05/12/2012 has been added to the mentioned database using the same method, and the exact spatial resolution (15 x 15 km) is used as a database. Threshold indices of heating waves are the average numbers between the 95th and 99th percentiles, that is, the extreme hot threshold to the limit of excessively extreme hot. For extreme cool, from the 5th percentile down to zero is used. Of course, a condition was added to these thresholds, which is that these thresholds must be repeated two days in a row. These thresholds were extracted for each day in the 50 years of the study period and used as the original database. In order to analyze the relationship between cooling and heating waves, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used and regression was used to analyze the trend.   Results and discussion The average of cold waves was 5.26 ° C and for the heat waves is 30.20° C. Generally, if the temperature is upper or lower than this threshold, it is considered as hot or cold temperatures. A comparison of the median, mode, and average of cold waves with heat waves shows that the distribution is more heterogeneous for cold waves and its CV is 84.22%. In southern Iran, the average threshold heat waves are higher. This situation can be caused by the effects of subtropical high-pressure radiation, low latitude, and proximity to the sea. Though the threshold is higher in these areas, fewer fluctuations and changes are seen in the area. Heights moderate the temperature so they pose a minimum threshold for heat waves i.e. an iso-threshold of 25 ° C is consistent along the Zagros mountain chains, but in the west and east of Zagros Mountains, the threshold of heat waves is increased. Heat waves have increased in most areas of the country. So nearly 85 percent of the Iran has been an increasing trend, of which 65.8 percent is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Still, more areas of the country (60 percent) have a trend between 0.00828 and 0.00161. As can be seen, only 15% of the land area (including the southwest and northwest of the Country) had decreased heat waves. Cold waves, in most parts of the country, have a Positive Trend. However, about 25 percent of the study area's cold waves have a negative trend. they are located in areas higher than Latitude 30°. The largest decline of the wave's trend along the country is highlands. Nowadays, most of the country, has a trend between 0.01494 and 0.00828 ° C, respectively. Conclusion Common changes and effects of heat and cold waves had a direct relationship in many parts of the country. It is remarkable common variance in the East reached 55 percent, according to statistical significance. In some areas of the northwest and southwest, which have been impressive heights, the common variance is 40 percent. This common variance in mountains area has been high values. Investigation of heat waves trend shows that 65.8% of Iran significant positive trend and 7.1% significant negative trend. Also, the cold waves trend has indicated a 48.5% significant positive trend and a 10.8% significant negative trend. Climate change and global warming have changed the frequency and severity of temperature extremes. The present study, by examining the number of warm waves, concluded that the warm waves have increased in magnitude in 65.8% of the Iran zone. Also, the study of the cold waves trend showed that 48.5 percent of Iran had a positive trend, which means that the amount of temperature in the cold waves increased In other words, the severity of the cold has been reduced And only 10.8 percent of Iran had a negative cold wave trend And it shows the intensity of these waves is reduced.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Background: Our knowledge of diseases and maladies has been increased during the recent decades. These diseases are related to the presence of people in the Buildings which may cause due to varieties of physical, biologic, and chemical (organic or inorgicic) factors. We decided to investigate one of these problems, namely sick Building syndrome (SBS) in one of high administrative Buildings in Tehran in summer 2002. Materials and methods: It was a descriptive study. All employees working in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development were included. Personal complaints of mental and irritative symptoms were assessed using a combined questionnaire (Questionnaires of CCOHS-2001 and London Center Hazards-1990). The prevalence of SBS of determined and the association between human, environmental and Building factors with the occurrence of this phenomenon was clarified. Results: Of 312 employees, 171 were randomly selected. There were 96 males (56.1%) and 75 females (43.9%). The prevalence of SBS was 58.7%. The most prevalent symptoms were fatigue (57.3%) during the past 3 months. The most prevalent irritative symptoms were burning sensation in the eyes and tearing (25.7%). The prevalence of SBS was 46.3% in males and 72% in females (p<0.001). Feeling of low air movement (68.4%), and feeling of airless environment (59.1%, always) were the most common complaints. There was no significant association between SBS and smoking, age, different stages, and duration of employment. Conclusion: The prevalence of SBS is quite high. Disorders of ventilation system are the probable cause.

Introduction: One of the factors influencing on indoor air quality of the Buildings is performance of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. These systems supply clean and odorless air, with temperature, humidity, and air velocity within comfort ranges for the residents. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance HVAC system in an administrative Building in Tehran.Material and Method: A questionnaire, developed in their research was used to assess the Building occupants’ perception about the performance of HVAC system. To evaluate the performance of HVAC systems, air velocities were measured in the diffusers using a thermal anemometer. Moreover, CO2 concentration, air temperature and relative humidity were measured in the whole floors of the Building. Air distribution inside the Building was evaluated using smoke test.Result: Most of the studied people complained about the direction of airflow, thermal conditions and cigarette odor. The highest level of carbon dioxide was measured at 930 ppm inside the restaurant. The maximum and minimum air temperatures and relative humidity were measured 28.3-13.8° C and 28.4-23% respectively. Smoke test showed that the air distribution/direction wasn’t suitable in one third of air diffusers.Conclusion: Improper air distribution / direction were the main problem with the studied HVAC system which could be corrected by adjusting and balancing of the system.

The performance of an existing heating system of a residential Building incorporated with an array of solar thermal collectors was studied. For this purpose, transient systems simulation program model was assembled to estimate the hour-by-hour performance of the existing and the system equipped with the solar thermal collectors in terms of the provided space air conditions and energy consumption. In the modified heating system, the capability of the three standard types of solar collectors, namely, unglazed, glazed painted absorber, and evacuated tube liquid flat-plate solar collectors for providing required heating energy into the space was examined to determine the most appropriate configuration. Based on the simulation results, the system incorporated with the solar thermal collectors was capable of providing the desired indoor air conditions for four and five months of the year. However, the energy performance of the plants indicated that the existing system incorporated with the glazed painted absorber solar collectors (Plant B) has the priority in terms of the energy savings while it could provide the desired indoor air conditions for five months of the year and it is recommended to be implemented in the existing central heating system.

In this paper, dynamic transient method and conventional degree-hours method (static) have been compared to estimate heating and cooling loads of Building’ s wall. All main wall surfaces of various orientations, i. e. South, West, East, North, and horizontal are considered in the climate of Tehran, Iran. In this study, a conventional wall structure, which is comprisedconcrete as main wall material, and EPS (expanded polystyrene), as insulation material, areused. The actual outdoor air temperature (used in dynamic method) was obtained by mean hourly measurementsrecorded in meteorological data over the period of 2006– 12. Annual heating and cooling degree-hoursare calculated based on this recent weather data, and results are compared with the values reported in the national Building regulations (topic 14). One dimensional transient heat transfer problem for multilayer walls has been solved to obtain temperature distribution within the wall. Annual heating and cooling load resulting from dynamic method have been compared with degree-hoursmethod; the results showed that there is a significant difference between these two estimations.